The Etymology, Historical Evolution, and Democratic Imperative of Neutrality in Policing, with Special Reference to Nagaland
Besesayo Kezo, IPS, Retd DGP
The constable standing at a Kohima junction or a Dimapur checkpoint embodies one of modern government's oldest unresolved tensions: how to grant the state a monopoly on legitimate force without turning that force into an instrument of faction, tribe, or party. The very word that names his office carries a long and instructive history. Two centuries after Sir Robert Peel established the Metropolitan Police in London and more than six decades after Nagaland became a state, the central requirement remains unchanged. Effective policing rests on public consent. Consent, in turn, demands that the force be neutral and insulated from political interference. Without that insulation, even the best-equipped force risks becoming an armed extension of whoever currently holds power rather than a common instrument of the law.
The Etymology and Historical Evolution of “Police”
The English word “police” did not originally denote a uniformed body of officers. It descends from the Ancient Greek *polis*, the city-state, through *politeia*—the constitution, citizenship, and the entire framework of that city's political and social life. Latin rendered the concept as *politia*, meaning civil administration or the commonwealth. From Medieval Latin and Middle French *police* (organized government, civil administration, public order), the term entered English in the sixteenth century. For a long period, it signified the regulation and control of a community, the maintenance of good order, or the broader civil administration itself—a sense still preserved in the American constitutional doctrine of the “police power” of the states, the authority to regulate for the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the public.
Only gradually did the word narrow to denote a specialized force charged with enforcing the law and preserving public order. In France, under Louis XIV, the office of lieutenant-general of police for Paris was created in 1667, giving institutional form to the older administrative idea. In Britain, the term was long associated chiefly with foreign practice. The first English force to bear the name was the Marine Police, established in 1798 to protect shipping and merchandise on the Thames. Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 marked the decisive moment. Thereafter, “the police” came to mean, in ordinary speech, the professional, uniformed, civilian organization whose primary task is to prevent crime and maintain public order. Related words followed the same path: “policy” and “polity” share the same Greek root, reminding us that the original idea encompassed the whole art of governing a city well, not merely the coercive arm of that government.
This etymological journey is more than a linguistic curiosity. It documents a conceptual shift from the broad responsibility for the welfare and order of the *polis* to a narrower institutional form. When we understand the word only in its modern, specialized sense, it is easy to forget that the institution’s legitimacy still depends on its contribution to the political community's common good—the original *politeia*. In a democracy, that contribution requires impartiality. A force that serves a faction, a tribe, or a party has ceased to be “police” in the older, fuller sense and has become something else.
From Communal Obligation to Professional Force
Arrangements for maintaining peace long predate modern policing. Medieval England relied on a communal system: the 1285 Statute of Winchester placed the duty of preserving the king’s peace on every able-bodied man, assisted by unpaid constables and night watchmen, with the “hue and cry” as the principal means of pursuit. Later, justices of the peace concentrated administrative authority locally. The system worked adequately in a small agrarian society but proved inadequate under the pressures of eighteenth-century urbanization, commercialization, and rising property crime. Early experiments in professionalization — the Bow Street Runners and Patrick Colquhoun’s writings on preventive police — met resistance. English opinion associated standing police with the Continent’s militarized gendarmerie and with the danger of political repression. The Peterloo Massacre of 1819 deepened that suspicion.
When Peel introduced the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, he faced the dual task of creating an effective force and persuading a skeptical public that it would not become an instrument of government against the people. The solution was a civilian, uniformed, full-time force organized for prevention through visible patrol rather than for reactive repression. Officers wore blue, not scarlet, and were instructed that their authority derived from public cooperation rather than from military force. The operational philosophy that emerged — later distilled into the Peelian principles — still underpins democratic policing: the basic mission is the prevention of crime and disorder; police power depends on public approval and willing cooperation; force is a last resort and must be minimal; the police are the public and the public are the police; success is measured by the absence of crime, not by the number of arrests. These ideas established “policing by consent.” Legitimacy was to be earned, not imposed.
Colonial Architecture and the Unfinished Democratic Transition
India’s modern police system was built on a different premise. The Police Act of 1861, enacted after the 1857 revolt, created a hierarchical, centrally directed civil force whose primary purpose was to maintain imperial order. Accountability ran upward to the executive. The model drew partly on the Irish Constabulary rather than on the Peelian ideal of policing by consent. Much of that architecture remains. Independence altered the formal source of legitimacy without immediately transforming the structure. Political interference in postings, transfers, and investigations became routine in state administration. The Supreme Court’s 2006 judgment in Prakash Singh v. Union of India sought to provide institutional safeguards: fixed tenures for senior officers, State Security Commissions, separation of investigation from law-and-order duties, and independent complaints authorities. Compliance has been partial. In many states, the power to transfer remains a tool of control.
The Naga Hills: From Frontier Posts to a State Force
In the Naga Hills, the formal police presence is relatively recent. Kohima North Police Station, opened in 1933, is the oldest in present-day Nagaland; Dimapur followed in 1939.
Earlier, village authorities and frontier forces that evolved into the Assam Rifles maintained order. When Nagaland attained statehood on 1 December 1963, the new state force inherited the existing stations. The first Nagaland Armed Police battalions were raised in 1964; the 1st NAP at Chümoukedima initially incorporated surrendered cadres and Village Guards. For most of its existence, the force has operated amid armed political conflict, ceasefires, and the continued application of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act in substantial parts of the state. Nagaland maintains one of the highest police-to-population ratios in India precisely because of these internal-security requirements.
The Legislative Assembly has repeatedly raised concerns about the tribal composition of postings. Legislators have warned that a heavy concentration of personnel from a single tribe in their home districts creates both the risk and the appearance of partiality. Recruitment has sparked litigation and public controversy. Assembly members have urged the Home Department to stop entertaining political transfer requests. At the same time, the force has modernized—new vehicles, mobile forensic vans, digital platforms, and steps toward an independent forensic directorate. Capacity has improved; legitimacy remains a separate and harder problem. Page 3 |
The Democratic Function and the Necessity of Neutrality
In a democracy, the police perform routine functions — prevention, investigation, order maintenance, and public assistance — under constraints that distinguish them from the forces of an authoritarian regime. Their primary mission is to protect citizens and to enforce the law impartially. They are accountable to elected governments, independent courts, and the public. The law limits their use of force, and they are expected to remain politically neutral. The Peelian insight that “the police are the public and the public are the police” captures the original etymological idea of the *polis*: the force exists for the ordered life of the whole community, not for any part of it.
When transfers, promotions, or investigations become instruments of political patronage or tribal preference, three consequences follow. Officers learn that career survival depends on political favor rather than professional competence. Segments of the public no longer view the police as neutral arbiters. Ordinary citizens' willingness to report crime and assist investigations declines—the very cooperation on which preventive and detective work depends. Insulation does not mean a lack of accountability. It requires independent oversight: a properly composed State Security Commission, fixed minimum tenures, transparent recruitment, police establishment boards that regulate transfers according to published criteria, and independent complaints authorities. In a multi-tribal society, these requirements are both harder to achieve and more necessary.
The Test of Efficiency
Peel’s standard remains the clearest: the true test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action. In Nagaland, that test includes whether a citizen of any tribe or political affiliation can report an offense without fearing that the investigation will be colored by identity; whether an officer can refuse an improper order without risking a career; and whether the public continues to believe that the uniform represents the law rather than a faction. From the Greek *polis* to the ridges of the Naga Hills, the fundamental requirement has not changed. A police force that is neutral, professional, and insulated from political and tribal interference is not a luxury of stable democracies. It is the condition on which any democracy’s claim to legitimacy ultimately rests. The word's etymology reminds us that the institution was originally conceived as the instrument of the ordered life of the whole community. That original sense remains the most urgent unfinished business of democratic governance in the state.
